Which of the following is the psychological process of determining activities that achieve organizational goals?

The correct choice is planning because it encompasses the psychological and strategic processes involved in defining organizational goals and determining the activities required to achieve those goals. This involves assessment of the current situation, forecasting future conditions, setting objectives, and devising strategies to reach those objectives.

Planning is crucial in management because it provides direction and creates a framework for decision-making, ensuring that resources are allocated effectively and that the organization is prepared to respond to changes and challenges. This process includes critical thinking and analytical skills as it involves not just what actions to take but also anticipating obstacles and preparing contingencies.

Other options, like organizing, leading, and controlling, while essential elements of management, focus on different aspects of the management process. Organizing deals with structuring resources and tasks to implement plans; leading pertains to motivating and directing employees; and controlling involves monitoring performance to ensure that goals are being met. Each of these functions plays a vital role, but planning specifically addresses the foundational psychological process of identifying necessary activities for achieving organizational objectives.