What theory emphasizes the learning associations between behaviors and their consequences?

The correct choice is Operant Conditioning, which is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology that highlights the relationship between behavior and its consequences. This theory, developed by B.F. Skinner, posits that behaviors are influenced by the rewards or punishments that follow them. When an action leads to a desirable outcome, it is more likely to be repeated in the future, while actions that result in undesirable outcomes are less likely to be repeated.

Operant Conditioning is distinct from other theories, such as Cognitive Theory, which focuses on internal mental processes and how they influence behavior, rather than solely on observable actions and their outcomes. Social Learning Theory highlights the role of observation and imitation in learning, suggesting that individuals can learn behaviors by watching others, rather than through direct reinforcement. Behaviorism, while it encompasses principles like those in Operant Conditioning, is a broader paradigm that focuses on observable behaviors and often includes other types of conditioning, like classical conditioning.

Thus, Operant Conditioning specifically addresses the learning associations between behaviors and their consequences, which is why it stands out as the correct answer.