What term describes enduring characteristics that influence an individual's attitudes and behaviors, such as friendliness and aggression?

The term that describes enduring characteristics influencing an individual's attitudes and behaviors, such as friendliness and aggression, is personality. Personality encompasses a wide range of traits that make up an individual's unique psychological profile. These traits, often stable over time, significantly shape how a person interacts with others and responds to various situations.

For instance, someone who is high in agreeableness may exhibit behaviors characterized by kindness and cooperativeness, while an individual with a more aggressive personality may display confrontational behaviors. Understanding personality is crucial in management because it helps in predicting and enhancing employee behavior, improving team dynamics, and fostering a positive workplace culture.

In contrast, terms like introversion and extroversion refer specifically to types of personality traits that describe where individuals derive their energy and how they prefer to interact socially, but they do not encompass the entire spectrum of enduring characteristics. The Pygmalion Effect refers to the phenomenon where higher expectations lead to an increase in performance, but it is not related to the concept of enduring personality traits.